Test Page for Hatchery sap.ui.unified.Calendar

Single day Selection Calendar

A sea pen (keramba tancab) is a type of fish-farming enclosure that uses a stationary, fixed-bottom, or bottomless net to hold fish, allowing water to flow through it. It is distinct from a sea cage, which is a totally enclosed, floating structure that is not anchored to the seafloor. Sea pens are larger than cages, stationary, and less intensive but less mobile than cages. # shape of the pen culture to reduce water turbidity 1. circular 2. Hexagon 3. polygon [PT Japfa feed nursury](https://www.japfacomfeed.co.id/operational-area?page=16) [Cara Budidaya Kerapu](#kerapu) * [Lamun Thalassia hemprichii](https://blueventures.org/id/penelitian-baru-pertanian-teripang-membantu-padang-lamun-berkembang/) * [Project seagrass(lamun)](https://www.projectseagrass.org/) * [teripang hatchery](https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNzw4Ml6Nwh/) * [juvinille teripang](https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408409-efektivitas-metode-pendederan-juvenil-te-6cda454a.pdf) # Seagrass Seagrasses are known as the "lungs of the sea" because one square meter of seagrass can generate 10 liters of oxygen every day through photosynthesis. Seagrass leaves also absorb nutrients and slow the flow of water, capturing sand, dirt and silt particles. In recent years, seagrass has been held in higher regard globally due to its ability to store carbon in the soil. The submerged plant can soak carbon up to 40 times more effectively than forests and store up to 18 per cent of oceanic carbon. But more than 45 per cent of Singapore’s original seagrass cover has been lost to coastal development and reclamation over the last five decades. These underwater fields are nurseries for juvenile fish, while serving as habitats for sea stars, seahorses, crabs and sea cucumbers, among other marine life. For example, conventional methods include taking a sand core containing some seagrass and transplanting it at another site. However, Singapore’s waters can be turbid, with some areas experiencing stronger currents, affecting the sediment’s stability and causing transplanted seagrass to be washed away. To address this, scientists will use biodegradable mats made of calcium carbonate and coconut fibre to anchor transplanted species and stabilise the sediment. Another method involves sowing seeds into the sand, which is cost-effective and easier to scale up. But as the seed production of local seagrass species is not well known, researchers will do aquarium experiments to trigger the flowering of seagrass species. [Plant seagrass](https://bcas.edpsciences.org/articles/bcas/full_html/2024/01/bcas2024016/bcas2024016.html) [Spoon seagrass]("https://cassette.sphdigital.com.sg/image/straitstimes/0caff3068d26eaa1f75aa3722240fee940d160b00e3b6a071abbae35b052ae8d?w=900") [smooth Ribbon eagrass](https://cassette.sphdigital.com.sg/image/straitstimes/e6e19056cd472d043bce225f0bb0b67329cb905c1645df566bc15c10779a6c0c?w=900) [seawaling](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPWu2mno27w) [2nd](https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/2025/06/seagrass-restoration-singapore/index.html) [Ikan Tirusan](#ikan-tirusan-otolithoides-pama) [Ikan Malong](#ikan-malong-muraenesox-cinereus) [Ikan sidat](#eel-ikan-sidat) [Image Maker](https://imageresizer.com/) [pdfum binary](https://github.com/bblanchon/pdfium-binaries) * Green phytoplanktons (**Nannochloropsis** oculata,Tetraselmis chui, Chlorella, Dunaliella tertiolecta) * Golden phytoplanktons (Tisochrysis lutea, Pavlova, Isochrysis galbana, Thalassiosira weissfloggii) * Red phytoplankton (Rhodomonas salina) * Diatoms (need Silica) * Orange phytoplankton (Chaetocerors calcitrans) * Chaetoceros gracilis ( 18°-20°C <-- low temperture?) Chaetoceros gracilis grew very slowly with the combination of high temperature (39 °C) and all salinities, * Brown phytoplanktons (Pheaodactylum tricornutum) * Rotifer How to keep rotifers alive? You can store live rotifers for one week in the refrigerator. Just give them a little algae every other day. Some people do indeed freeze rotifers and feed them out to their corals. Just make sure they don't get freezer burn! The life span of rotifers has been estimated to be between 3.4 to 4.4 days at 25°C. Generally, the larvae become adult after 0.5 to 1.5 days and females thereafter start to lay eggs approximately every four hours. It is believed that females can produce ten generations of offspring before they eventually die. Facing starvation, some rotifers could even extend their life span; young Brachionus plicatilis suppressed reproduction and about half of them survived for more than 16 days without any food, while the fed controls reproduced normally and lived about 12 days (Yoshinaga, Hagiwara & Tsukamoto 2003a). Can rotifers become dormant? Like tardigrades, bdelloid rotifers have the ability to enter a dormant state called cryptobiosis, or more specifically, anhydrobiosis. In this state, they can survive desiccation, meaning the complete loss of water from their body, for long periods of time. [Collecting rotifers](https://evidentscientific.com/en/insights/rotifers-an-introduction-to-the-microscopic-world-of-wheel-animals#:~:text=Like%20tardigrades%2C%20bdelloid%20rotifers%20have,for%20long%20periods%20of%20time.) Kedalaman Air: Kedalaman perairan ideal untuk teripang bervariasi antara 1 hingga 3 meter, tergantung pada spesies yang dibudidayakan. Teripang pasir biasanya lebih cocok pada kedalaman 2 meter, sementara teripang gamat dapat hidup di perairan yang sedikit lebih dangkal. Mysis Shrimp are nutritionally whole or balanced and provide your fish with plenty of protein, a little fat, and some vitamins and minerals. Brine Shrimp, on the other hand, is like a bag of chips or a handful of french fries. They taste great but really don't provide all that much nutrition by themselves LiveSeafood, [6/27/25 11:02 PM] ### Requirements to Set Up a *Vannamei* Shrimp Hatchery To establish a successful Pacific White Shrimp (*Litopenaeus vannamei*) hatchery, you need the following key components: --- [Hatchery](https://youtu.be/nC8ODLchAfI?si=oFTaONLuwqmxWe2v) [refenence](https://www.salemmicrobes.com/blog-view.php?id=18) [reference 2](https://ecowateraqua.com/info-detail/unveiling-the-eastern-pacifics-white-gem) [certificate of anti-biotic free aquaculture inputs](https://www.salemmicrobes.com/upload/pdf/product/1705582563307.pdf) - [**female** or male L Vannamei at first legs and hole](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLxpxANqxOo) -Female grows faster than male vannamei at the same age](https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue5/PartN/7-4-307-805.pdf ) ## 1. Hatchery Design & Infrastructure ### 📍 Location - Proximity to clean seawater (salinity **25–35 ppt**). - Avoid polluted areas (industrial/agricultural runoff). - Reliable electricity (backup generator required). ### 🏗 Facility Layout | Section | Purpose | |---------|---------| | Broodstock Tanks | Holding & conditioning mature shrimp | | Spawning Tanks | Egg hatching & nauplii collection | | Larval Rearing Tanks | PL1–PL5 rearing (greenwater/biofloc) | | Algal Culture Unit | Produce live feed (e.g., *Chaetoceros*, *Tetraselmis*) | | Artemia Hatching Room | Decapsulated cysts for larval feed | | Post-Larval (PL) Nursery | Grow PL10–PL15 before sale | | Lab & Water Treatment | Water testing, disinfection (UV/chlorine) | Tank Specifications: - FRP/Concrete tanks (smooth, non-toxic). - Round/oval shape (better water circulation). - Capacity: - Broodstock: 5–10 tons (1–2 shrimp/m²). - Larval rearing: 2–5 tons. --- ## 2. Water Supply & Treatment ### 🌊 Water Source - Seawater intake (sand filter + sedimentation tank). - Brackish water (if inland, use artificial sea salt). ### 💧 Water Treatment System - Mechanical filtration (sand filter, drum filter). - Biological filtration (bio-balls, bio-media). - Disinfection (UV sterilizer, chlorine removal). - Aeration (air blowers, diffusers). Critical Parameters: | Parameter | Optimal Range | |-----------|--------------| | Temperature | 28–30°C | | Salinity | 25–35 ppt | | pH | 7.8–8.2 | | DO (Dissolved Oxygen) | >5 ppm | | Ammonia | <0.1 ppm | | Nitrite | <0.05 ppm | --- ## 3. Broodstock Management ### 🦐 Source of Broodstock - SPF (Specific Pathogen-Free) from certified suppliers. - Wild-caught (if SPF unavailable, quarantine first {vannamei 10 days}). ### 🔬 Conditioning & Ablation - Unilateral eyestalk ablation (for induced spawning). - High-protein diet (squid, mussels, polychaetes). - Hormonal supplements (e.g., serotonin for maturation). --- ## 4. Larval Rearing & Feeding ### 🥗 Live Feed Production | Stage | Feed Type | |-------|----------| | Nauplii (N1–N3) | No feeding (yolk sac) | | Zoea (Z1–Z3) | Microalgae (*Chaetoceros*, *Tetraselmis*) | | Mysis (M1–M3) | Artemia nauplii + algae | | Post-Larvae (PL1–PL15) | Formulated feed + Artemia | --- | stage | action protocol-O2tree| |-------|----------------| |PL? | eliminate PL slow molting,etc| --- Algal Culture Setup: - Photobioreactors or plastic bags. - Lighting: 24-hour LED (5000–10,000 lux). --- Microalgae types: - Nannochloropsis sp (freshwater media or/and seawater) - The Nannochloropsis genus includes several species, such as: - Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nannochloropsis granulata, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Nannochloropsis limnetica, Nannochloropsis salina, and Nannochloropsis oculata. - Chollera volgaris sp ( freshwater with seawater tolerance) - Spiriluna Plantensis (freshwater with brackish tolerance, high pH: 8-11,T:30-35C, EC 9.8-30ms/cm) - Tetraselmis is a green algal genus within the order Chlorodendrales (freshwater and seawater) - Isochrysis is a flagellated marine algae genus good for bivalve larvae - Pavlova sp. and Chaetoceros sp. are marine algae genus for abalone larvae - Thalassiosira weissflogii - Synechococus is marine microalgae Artemia Decapsulation: - Hatching rate: >90% (use premium cysts). - Enrichment (HUFA, vitamins) before feeding. --- ## 5. Hatchery Equipment Checklist | Equipment | Purpose | |-----------|---------| | Air blowers & diffusers | Aeration | | Water pumps | Circulation | | Heaters/chillers | Temp control | | UV sterilizer | Disinfection | | Microscope | Larval monitoring | | DO/pH meters | Water testing | | Incubators | Artemia hatching | | Regrifrator | store phytoplanton and rotifer| | dark and lighting for broodstock emulate summer| 14 hour light, 10 hour dark| --- ## 6. Biosecurity & Disease Control - Quarantine new broodstock (7–10 days). - Disinfect tanks (iodine, chlorine between batches). - PCR testing (for WSSV, IHHNV, EHP). - Probiotics (*Bacillus* spp.) to prevent vibriosis. --- ## 7. Hatchery Economics | Cost Factor | Estimated Budget (USD) | |------------|----------------------| | Land & Construction | $50,000–$200,000 | | Broodstock (100 females) | $5,000–$10,000 | | Equipment | $20,000–$50,000 | | Operational (monthly) | $5,000–$15,000 | Revenue Potential: - Post-larvae (PL12) price: $1–$3 per 1,000 PLs. - Production capacity: 10–50 million PLs/month. --- ## ✅ Key Success Factors ✔ Strict water quality control ✔ High-quality broodstock (SPF) ✔ Efficient live feed production ✔ Disease prevention (biosecurity) Need a detailed business plan or SOPs? Let me know! 🚀 ### Sea Cucumber Hatchery Setup & Production Guide *(For Sandfish [*Holothuria scabra*], Tiger Tail [*Holothuria atra*], and other commercial species)* --- ## 1. Hatchery Design & Infrastructure ### 📍 Location Requirements - Clean seawater (salinity 30–35 ppt, temperature **26–30°C**). - Protected from storms & pollution (avoid industrial/urban areas). - Access to electricity & freshwater (for larval rearing). ### 🏗 Facility Layout | Section | Purpose | |---------|---------| | Broodstock Tanks | Mature adult conditioning & spawning | | Spawning Tanks | Induced spawning & fertilization | | Larval Rearing Tanks | Auricularia → Doliolaria → Pentactula stages | | Settlement Tanks | Juvenile settlement on substrates | | Nursery Tanks | Grow-out to 1–5 cm juveniles | | Algal Culture Unit | Live feed (diatoms, *Chaetoceros*) | | Water Treatment | Filtration, UV sterilization | [fish meal price](https://www.datawrapper.de/_/TjwV6/) Tank Specifications: - Round/oval FRP/fiberglass tanks (2–10 tons capacity). - Shallow tanks (0.5–1 m depth) for larval rearing. - Dark-colored tanks (reduces stress in larvae). --- ## 2. Broodstock Collection & Conditioning ### 🔍 Selection Criteria - Healthy, disease-free adults (no lesions, active movement). - Mature size: - *Holothuria scabra*: ≥20 cm, 300–500 g. - *Holothuria atra*: ≥25 cm, 400–600 g. ### 🌡 Conditioning Process - Acclimatize in tanks (salinity/temperature matching wild habitat). - Feed natural diet: - Seaweed powder (30% protein). - Microalgae (*Navicula*, *Chaetoceros*). - Thermal shock method for spawning induction: - Raise temp to 32°C for 1 hr, then return to 28°C. --- ## 3. Spawning & Fertilization ### ⚡ Induced Spawning Techniques 1. Temperature Shock (Most common) - Expose to 5°C above ambient for 30–60 mins. 2. Drying + Sunlight Exposure - Keep broodstock dry for 30 mins, then return to water. 3. Gonad Stimulation (Experimental) - Serotonin injection (1–2 µg/g body weight). ### 🥚 Egg Collection & Fertilization - Eggs: 100,000–500,000 per female. - Sperm: Dilute in seawater before mixing with eggs. - Fertilization rate: 70–90% under optimal conditions. --- ## 4. Larval Rearing (Auricularia → Pentactula) | Stage | Duration | Feed | Key Requirements | |-------|---------|------|-----------------| | Auricularia | 8–12 days | Microalgae (*Chaetoceros*, *Isochrysis*) | Gentle aeration, 28°C | | Doliolaria | 3–5 days | Mixed algae + yeast | Reduced light | | Pentactula | 5–7 days | Benthic diatoms (*Navicula*) | Settlement substrates | Water Quality: - pH: 7.8–8.3 - Ammonia: <0.1 ppm - DO: >5 mg/L - < 3gr does not need sand Not deposit feeder - In the wild, juveniles (∼9 mm) settle on seagrass leaves as grazers (Mercier et al., 2000a), and once larger, they migrate onto sand where they become deposit-feeders (Mercier et al., 2000b). - need different sand size for optimum grow - can not replace with silica sand - Sandfish as Deposit Feeders: Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) are a type of sea cucumber that are deposit feeders. This means they eat organic matter, bacteria, microalgae, and other small organisms that live within the sediment (sand) on the seafloor. The sand itself acts as a substrate and a food source, but the nutritional value comes from the living things within it. - Sargassum as a Fertilizer: Sargassum is a type of seaweed that is rich in nutrients and organic matter. When added to the sandy substrate in sandfish cultivation tanks or ponds, it acts as an organic fertilizer. This enrichment of the sand boosts the growth of the microalgae, bacteria, and other microorganisms that the sandfish feed on. Studies have shown that adding dried sargassum to the sediment can significantly increase the food abundance, leading to faster growth rates for juvenile sandfish. - Sargassum as a Direct Feed: In addition to fertilizing the sand, sargassum can also be processed into a direct supplemental feed for sandfish. Researchers have tested different preparations, such as fermented sargassum and powdered sargassum, and found that they can improve the growth and survival of sandfish, especially in early juvenile stages. Fermented sargassum, in particular, has been shown to be very effective. - In summary, sargassum doesn't directly fertilize the sand in the way you might think of a plant fertilizer, but it enriches the organic content of the sand, which in turn acts as a "fertilizer" for the living organisms that the sandfish consume. It can also be a direct and valuable feed source for the sandfish themselves. This use of sargassum is a promising development for sustainable aquaculture and a way to utilize he large influxes of sargassum that can be a nuisance in coastal areas. Chlorella vulgaris Powder - Chlorella vulgaris is a type of microalgae known for its high nutritional value, containing protein, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. While live microalgae are a traditional feed for sandfish larvae and early juveniles in hatcheries, powdered forms like chlorella vulgaris are being explored as a cost-effective alternative. Usage and Benefits Supplement to Live Algae: Powdered microalgae can supplement or even replace live microalgae, reducing the high cost and labor associated with maintaining live cultures. Nutritional Profile: Chlorella is rich in essential amino acids and fatty acids, which are crucial for the growth and health of sandfish. Its high protein content makes it an excellent addition to a sandfish diet. Improved Growth: Studies on other aquatic species have shown that including Chlorella vulgaris in the diet can enhance growth performance and feed efficiency. This is a promising area for further research in sandfish grow-out. In summary, both sargassum and chlorella vulgaris powder are valuable feed ingredients for sandfish aquaculture. Sargassum is a well-established and highly effective component, especially when fermented, while chlorella powder is a promising, nutrient-rich supplement that can reduce reliance on expensive live feeds. --- ## 5. Juvenile Settlement & Nursery ### 🪨 Settlement Substrates - PVC plates (coated with biofilm). - Coral rubble/seaweed mats (natural texture). - Sargassum thunbergii & S. polycystum - Sargassum acts to enrich the sediment is lacking. ### 📈 Nursery Grow-Out - Tank size: 2–5 tons (stocking density: **1,000–2,000 juveniles/m²**). - Feed: - Diatom paste (daily). - Seaweed powder (30% protein). - Survival rate: 30–60% (if managed well). --- ## 6. Key Equipment Checklist | Equipment | Purpose | |-----------|---------| | Air blowers & diffusers | Aeration for larvae | | Water heaters/chillers | Temp control | | UV sterilizer | Pathogen control | | Microscopes (40–100x) | Larval monitoring | | Algal photobioreactors | Live feed production | | Settlement plates | Juvenile attachment | --- ## 7. Disease & Biosecurity Management ### 🦠 Common Diseases - Skin ulceration (bacterial *Vibrio* spp.) → Treat with oxytetracycline baths. - Parasitic protozoa → Formalin dips (50 ppm for 30 mins). ### 🔒 Biosecurity Measures - Quarantine new broodstock (7–10 days). - Disinfect tanks (iodine, hydrogen peroxide). - PCR testing for pathogens. --- ## 8. Economics & Production Timeline | Phase | Duration | Cost (USD) | |-------|---------|-----------| | Broodstock conditioning | 1–2 months | $2,000–$5,000 | | Larval rearing | 20–30 days | $3,000–$8,000 | | Nursery (to 1–2 cm) | 2–3 months | $5,000–$10,000 | When transporting *Penaeus vannamei* (Pacific white shrimp), the requirements for Post Larva 15 (PL15) and Post Larva 10 (PL10) differ mainly in terms of density, water quality, oxygen demand, and stress sensitivity due to their developmental stages. Below is a comparison: ### 1. Size & Development Stage - PL10: Younger, smaller (≈ 10 days post-metamorphosis), more delicate, higher mortality risk. - PL15: Older, larger (≈ 15 days post-metamorphosis), more robust, better stress tolerance. ### 2. Transport Density (Per Bag/Liter) - PL10: Higher density possible (e.g., **5,000–10,000 PL10/L**) due to smaller size. - PL15: Lower density (e.g., **3,000–5,000 PL15/L**) due to larger size & higher oxygen demand. ### 3. Oxygen Requirements - PL10: Lower absolute oxygen demand but more sensitive to hypoxia. - PL15: Higher oxygen consumption per individual but more resilient to fluctuations. ### 4. Water Quality Sensitivity - PL10: More sensitive to ammonia, temperature swings, and salinity changes. - PL15: Hardier, tolerates slight variations better. ### 5. Temperature & Salinity - Both require 26–30°C and salinity 25–35 ppt, but: - PL10: Needs stricter stability. - PL15: Can handle minor deviations. ### 6. Stress Management - PL10: More prone to stress; may need additives (e.g., **buffers, probiotics**). - PL15: Handles transport stress better; fewer additives needed. ### 7. Transport Duration - PL10: Best for shorter hauls (<6–8 hrs). - PL15: Can endure longer transport (up to 12–24 hrs) with proper aeration. ### Key Takeaways - PL10: Higher density possible but needs more careful monitoring of water quality. - PL15: Lower density but hardier for long-distance transport. - For both: Use oxygen-filled bags, temperature control, and minimal stress handling. Would you like specific protocols for packing or acclimation? Here’s a step-by-step protocol for packing and transporting PL10 vs. PL15 *Litopenaeus vannamei*, including acclimation procedures to ensure high survival rates. --- ### 1. Pre-Transport Preparation #### A. Water Quality Adjustment - Salinity: Match transport water to the source farm’s salinity (± 2 ppt). - Temperature: Gradually adjust to 26–28°C (avoid sudden changes). - pH: Maintain 7.8–8.2 (use buffering agents if needed). - Ammonia/Nitrite: Must be <0.1 ppm (use zeolite or probiotics if high). #### B. Starvation - PL10: Stop feeding 6–8 hrs before packing (gut clearance). - PL15: Stop feeding 8–12 hrs before packing (larger body size = longer clearance time). --- ### 2. Packing Protocol #### A. Bag Specifications - Use oxygen-filled polyethylene bags (thickness ≥ 0.8 mm). - Fill 1/3 with water, 2/3 pure oxygen (O₂). - Add 2–5 g/L of activated charcoal (for ammonia control). #### B. Stocking Density | Stage | Bag Size (L) | Density (PL/L) | Max Transport Time | |--------|------------|---------------|-------------------| | PL10 | 10–15 | 5,000–10,000 | 6–8 hrs | | PL15 | 10–15 | 3,000–5,000 | 12–24 hrs | Note: - Reduce density by 20–30% if transport exceeds 12 hrs. - For air transport, decrease density further (PL10: 4,000–6,000/L, PL15: **2,000–3,000/L**). #### C. Additives (Optional but Recommended) - Stress Coat: 1–2 ppm (e.g., **aloe vera extract**). - Probiotics: *Bacillus spp.* (1–2 ppm) to reduce ammonia. - Antifungal/Mild Sedative: For long hauls (e.g., 2–5 ppm clove oil for PL15 only). --- ### 3. Transport Conditions - Temperature: Maintain 26–28°C (use cooling boxes or **insulated containers**). - Oxygen Monitoring: Ensure O₂ > 5 ppm (use oxygen tablets if needed). - Avoid Light & Vibration: Keep bags in dark, stable conditions. --- ### 4. Post-Transport Acclimation #### A. Floating for Temperature Adjustment - Float unopened bags in destination pond for 15–30 mins to equalize temperature. #### B. Gradual Salinity Mixing (If Needed) - Step 1: Open bag, add small amounts of pond water every 5 mins for 30–45 mins. - Step 2: Release PLs gently near aerated areas. #### C. Post-Release Care - PL10: Feed immediately with high-protein diet (e.g., *Artemia*). - PL15: Can wait 2–3 hrs before feeding (more resilient). --- ### 5. Survival Rate Expectations | Condition | PL10 Survival (%) | PL15 Survival (%) | |----------------------|------------------|------------------| | Ideal Transport | 85–90% | 90–95% | | Long Haul (>12h) | 70–80% | 85–90% | --- ### Key Differences Summary | Factor | PL10 Requirements | PL15 Requirements | |----------------|------------------|------------------| | Density | Higher (5–10k/L) | Lower (3–5k/L) | | O₂ Demand | Moderate | Higher | | Stress | More sensitive | More tolerant | | Max Time | 6–8 hrs | 12–24 hrs | Would you like modifications for specific conditions (e.g., air freight, road transport in hot climates)? LiveSeafood, [6/27/25 10:50 PM] Here’s a modified transport protocol for specific conditions, including air freight, hot climates, and long-distance road transport, with adjustments for PL10 vs. PL15 *Vannamei* shrimp: --- ### 1. Air Freight Protocol (PL10 & PL15) #### Key Challenges: - Pressure changes → Risk of bag rupture. - Strict airline regulations → Limited oxygen volume. - No access to temperature control in cargo hold. #### Adjustments: | Factor | PL10 | PL15 | |--------|------|------| | Bag Thickness | 0.1–0.15 mm double-layered | 0.15–0.2 mm double-layered | | Oxygen Ratio | 50% water, 50% O₂ (to prevent bursting) | 40% water, 60% O₂ (more resilient) | | Density | 3,000–4,000/L (reduce by 30%) | 1,500–2,500/L (reduce by 40%) | | Additives | 5 ppm EDTA (anti-stress) + 2 ppm probiotics | 3 ppm vitamin C (immune boost) | | Packaging | Styrofoam box + coolant gel packs (if >6 hrs) | Insulated box + thermal lining | Note: - Use oxygen-absorbing pads (for airline safety compliance). - Avoid ice (risk of cold shock; use chilled gel packs instead). --- ### 2. Hot Climate Transport (Road, >30°C Ambient) #### Key Challenges: - Heat stress → Increased metabolism → Oxygen depletion. - Ammonia spikes due to higher metabolic waste. #### Adjustments: | Factor | PL10 | PL15 | |--------|------|------| | Cooling Method | Frozen water bottles (wrapped in cloth) | Phase-change cooling packs | | Density | Reduce by 40% (e.g., 3,000–4,000/L → 1,800–2,400/L**) | **Reduce by 30% (e.g., **2,000–3,000/L → 1,400–2,100/L**) | | Oxygen | Pure O₂ + oxygen tablets (as backup) | O₂ with slow-release tablets | | Additives | 5 ppm sodium bicarbonate (pH buffer) | 2 ppm potassium chloride (ion regulator) | | Travel Time | Only during cooler hours (night/early morning) | Max 8 hrs (daytime) | Emergency Measures: - If bags overheat, gradually lower temperature (avoid sudden cooling). - Ammonia detox: Add zeolite chips (1–2 g/L) in extreme cases. --- ### 3. Long-Distance Road Transport (>24 Hours) #### Key Challenges: - Oxygen depletion → Risk of mass mortality. - Accumulated waste → Ammonia toxicity. #### Adjustments: | Factor | PL10 | PL15 | |--------|------|------| | Density | Max 1,500/L | Max 1,000/L | | Water Exchange | Not recommended (too stressful) | Partial exchange (10%) after 12 hrs if necessary | | O₂ Supply | Oxygen generator or cylinder with regulator | O₂ cylinders + diffuser stones | | Sedation | Avoid (too sensitive) | 1–2 ppm clove oil (if >24 hrs) | | Monitoring | Check O₂/ammonia every 4 hrs | Check every 6 hrs | Survival Tips: - Use battery-powered air pumps for backup aeration. - Darken transport containers to reduce stress. --- ### 4. Emergency Recovery Protocol If PLs arrive weak or stressed: 1. Gradual Acclimation: - Float bags for 45–60 mins (not 30 mins). - Drip-acclimate with pond water over 1–2 hrs. 2. Revival Additives: - PL10: 5 ppm glucose + 1 ppm vitamin B12. - PL15: 3 ppm calcium magnesium + probiotics. 3. Post-Release Care: - PL10: Hold in nursery tanks (1–2 days) before pond release. - PL15: Can be released directly but avoid feeding for 4–6 hrs. --- ### Final Recommendations by Condition | Transport Type | Best for PL10? | Best for PL15? | |---------------|---------------|---------------| | Air Freight | Only if <6 hrs | Preferred (more resilient) | | Hot Climate | Avoid if possible | Use with cooling packs | | Long Road Haul | Not recommended | Yes (with O₂ support) | For highest survival: - PL10: Keep transport <8 hrs, avoid extreme temps. - PL15: More flexible but monitor O₂ closely. Would you like a checklist for pre-transport inspection? Here’s a detailed pre-transport inspection checklist to ensure optimal survival rates for PL10 and PL15 *Vannamei* shrimp during packing and transit: --- ### 🛠 Pre-Transport Inspection Checklist *(For PL10 & PL15 – Adjust as Needed)* #### ✅ 1. Shrimp Health Assessment - PL10: - ✔️ No visible deformities (e.g., bent rostrum, uneven tails). - ✔️ Active swimming (≥90% of PLs responsive to light/movement). - PL15: ✔️ Gills should be clean (no black spots/fouling). ✔️ Full gut line (no empty intestines due to starvation). #### ✅ 2. Water Quality Verification - Both PL10 & PL15: - ✔️ Salinity: Matches source farm (±2 ppt). - ✔️ Temperature: 26–28°C (no sudden fluctuations). - ✔️ pH: 7.8–8.2 (use buffering if unstable). - ✔️ Ammonia/Nitrite: <0.1 ppm (zeolite on standby). - ✔️ Dissolved O₂: >5 ppm (calibrate meter before packing). #### ✅ 3. Packing Materials Check - Bags: - ✔️ Double-layered polyethylene (≥0.8 mm thickness for road; **1.0 mm for air**). - ✔️ No leaks (pressure-test with air before filling). - Oxygen Supply: - ✔️ Pure O₂ (≥99% purity) + backup oxygen tablets. - ✔️ Sealing clips/ties (test strength). - Additives: - ✔️ Activated charcoal (2–5 g/L) packed separately. - ✔️ Stress coat (e.g., aloe vera) for PL10. #### ✅ 4. Environmental Controls - For Hot Climates: - ✔️ Frozen gel packs (not ice) wrapped in cloth. - ✔️ Insulated box with reflector lining (if daytime transport). - For Air Freight: - ✔️ Airline-compliant O₂ levels (check IATA regulations). - ✔️ Pressure-release valve (if high-altitude flight). - For Long Hauls (>12 hrs): - ✔️ Battery-powered aerator (fully charged). - ✔️ Spare O₂ cylinder with regulator. #### ✅ 5. Logistics & Documentation - ✔️ Transport permits (if crossing borders). - ✔️ Emergency contacts (driver/farm/consignee). - ✔️ Route planned (avoid delays; no direct sunlight exposure). --- ### ⚠️ Red Flags to Cancel Transport | Issue | PL10 Risk | PL15 Risk | |-------|----------|----------| | Ammonia >0.2 ppm | HIGH (mortality ≥50%) | Moderate (mortality 20–30%) | | Temp >30°C | Extreme stress | Tolerable (if cooled) | | >10% weak/dead PLs | Do NOT pack | Assess cause first | --- ### 📌 Post-Checklist Actions 1. PL10-Specific: - Conduct 1-hour test pack with 1 bag (monitor O₂ drop rate). - Feed high-protein diet 12 hrs pre-transport (then starve). 2. PL15-Specific: - Check for exuviae (molts) in holding tank (indicates health). - Sedate only if transport >24 hrs (**1 ppm clove oil**). --- ### 🔧 Emergency Kit for Transport Team - For PL10: - Portable O₂ meter + ammonia test strips. - Glucose solution (for revival). - For PL15: - Spare battery-powered air pump. - Calcium magnesium (for osmotic balance). --- Final Tip: For PL10, prioritize shorter, cooler, and stable transports. PL15 can handle tougher conditions but still require monitoring. Would you like a printable PDF version of this checklist? LiveSeafood, [6/27/25 10:53 PM] Here’s a printable PDF-friendly version of the checklist. You can copy this into a document, adjust formatting, and save as a PDF: --- # 🦐 Pre-Transport Checklist for Vannamei PL10 & PL15 *(Print Before Each Shipment)* ### 📅 Date: _____ ### 🔢 Batch No.: _____ ### 🛣 Transport Type: ☐ Air ☐ Road ☐ Hot Climate ☐ Long Haul (>12h) --- ## 1. SHRIMP HEALTH INSPECTION | Checkpoint | PL10 | PL15 | Done (✓) | |------------|------|------|---------| | Active swimming (≥90%) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | No deformities (bent rostrum/tail) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | Gills clean (no black spots) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | Gut line visible (no starvation) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | ⚠️ If >10% weak/dead, DO NOT PACK. --- ## 2. WATER QUALITY | Parameter | Target | Measured | Acceptable? (✓/✗) | |-----------|--------|----------|------------------| | Temperature | 26–28°C | _____°C | ☐ | | Salinity | Match farm (±2 ppt) | _____ppt | ☐ | | pH | 7.8–8.2 | _ | ☐ | | Ammonia | <0.1 ppm | _____ppm | ☐ | | Dissolved O₂ | >5 ppm | _____ppm | ☐ | --- ## 3. PACKING MATERIALS | Item | PL10 | PL15 | Status (✓/✗) | |------|------|------|--------------| | Double-layer bags (≥0.8mm) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | Pure O₂ (99%) + backup tablets | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | Activated charcoal (2–5g/L) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | | Stress coat (aloe/EDTA) | ☐ | ☐ | ☐ | --- ## 4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS | Condition | Requirement | Verified? (✓) | |-----------|-------------|--------------| | Hot Climate | Gel packs (no ice) + insulated box | ☐ | | Air Freight | Airline-compliant O₂ levels | ☐ | | Long Haul | Battery aerator + spare O₂ cylinder | ☐ | --- ## 5. LOGISTICS | Task | Status (✓) | |------|-----------| | Permits/documents ready | ☐ | | Emergency contacts listed | ☐ | | Route planned (avoid heat/stops) | ☐ | --- ### 🚨 EMERGENCY KIT - Portable O₂/ammonia tester - Glucose (PL10) / Calcium (PL15) - Spare battery air pump --- ### 📝 NOTES ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Inspector Name: _______________ Signature: ______ --- ### 🔹 Survival Tips - PL10: Transport at night, max 8h. - PL15: Can handle 24h with O₂ support. *(Laminate this sheet for reuse!)* --- To convert this to PDF: 1. Copy-paste into Word/Google Docs. 2. Adjust fonts (use bold headers and **checkboxes**). 3. Save as PDF (File > Save As > PDF). Need a version with your farm’s logo? Let me know! LiveSeafood, [6/27/25 11:04 PM] ### Sea Cucumber Hatchery Setup & Production Guide *(For Sandfish [*Holothuria scabra*], Tiger Tail [*Holothuria atra*], and other commercial species)* --- ## 1. Hatchery Design & Infrastructure ### 📍 Location Requirements - Clean seawater (salinity 30–35 ppt, temperature **26–30°C**). - Protected from storms & pollution (avoid industrial/urban areas). - Access to electricity & freshwater (for larval rearing). ### 🏗 Facility Layout | Section | Purpose | |---------|---------| | Broodstock Tanks | Mature adult conditioning & spawning | | Spawning Tanks | Induced spawning & fertilization | | Larval Rearing Tanks | Auricularia → Doliolaria → Pentactula stages | | Settlement Tanks | Juvenile settlement on substrates | | Nursery Tanks | Grow-out to 1–5 cm juveniles | | Algal Culture Unit | Live feed (diatoms, *Chaetoceros*) | | Water Treatment | Filtration, UV sterilization | Tank Specifications: - Round/oval FRP/fiberglass tanks (2–10 tons capacity). - Shallow tanks (0.5–1 m depth) for larval rearing. - Dark-colored tanks (reduces stress in larvae). --- ## 2. Broodstock Collection & Conditioning ### 🔍 Selection Criteria - Healthy, disease-free adults (no lesions, active movement). - Mature size: - *Holothuria scabra*: ≥20 cm, 300–500 g. - *Holothuria atra*: ≥25 cm, 400–600 g. ### 🌡 Conditioning Process - Acclimatize in tanks (salinity/temperature matching wild habitat). - Feed natural diet: - Seaweed powder (30% protein). - Microalgae (*Navicula*, *Chaetoceros*). - Thermal shock method for spawning induction: - Raise temp to 32°C for 1 hr, then return to 28°C. --- ## 3. Spawning & Fertilization ### ⚡ Induced Spawning Techniques 1. Temperature Shock (Most common) - Expose to 5°C above ambient for 30–60 mins. 2. Drying + Sunlight Exposure - Keep broodstock dry for 30 mins, then return to water. 3. Gonad Stimulation (Experimental) - Serotonin injection (1–2 µg/g body weight). ### 🥚 Egg Collection & Fertilization - Eggs: 100,000–500,000 per female. - Sperm: Dilute in seawater before mixing with eggs. - Fertilization rate: 70–90% under optimal conditions. --- ## 4. Larval Rearing (Auricularia → Pentactula) | Stage | Duration | Feed | Key Requirements | |-------|---------|------|-----------------| | Auricularia | 8–12 days | Microalgae (*Chaetoceros*, *Isochrysis*) | Gentle aeration, 28°C | | Doliolaria | 3–5 days | Mixed algae + yeast | Reduced light | | Pentactula | 5–7 days | Benthic diatoms (*Navicula*) | Settlement substrates | Water Quality: - pH: 7.8–8.3 - Ammonia: <0.1 ppm - DO: >5 mg/L --- ## 5. Juvenile Settlement & Nursery ### 🪨 Settlement Substrates - PVC plates (coated with biofilm). - Coral rubble/seaweed mats (natural texture). ### 📈 Nursery Grow-Out - Tank size: 2–5 tons (stocking density: **1,000–2,000 juveniles/m²**). - Feed: - Diatom paste (daily). - Seaweed powder (30% protein). - Survival rate: 30–60% (if managed well). --- ## 6. Key Equipment Checklist | Equipment | Purpose | |-----------|---------| | Air blowers & diffusers | Aeration for larvae | | Water heaters/chillers | Temp control | | UV sterilizer | Pathogen control | | Microscopes (40–100x) | Larval monitoring | | Algal photobioreactors | Live feed production | | Settlement plates | Juvenile attachment | --- ## 7. Disease & Biosecurity Management ### 🦠 Common Diseases - Skin ulceration (bacterial *Vibrio* spp.) → Treat with oxytetracycline baths. - Parasitic protozoa → Formalin dips (50 ppm for 30 mins). ### 🔒 Biosecurity Measures - Quarantine new broodstock (7–10 days). - Disinfect tanks (iodine, hydrogen peroxide). - PCR testing for pathogens. --- ## 8. Economics & Production Timeline | Phase | Duration | Cost (USD) | |-------|---------|-----------| | Broodstock conditioning | 1–2 months | $2,000–$5,000 | | Larval rearing | 20–30 days | $3,000–$8,000 | | Nursery (to 1–2 cm) | 2–3 months | $5,000–$10,000 | --- https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/trials-test-effects-of-hormone-supplemented-feed-on-sex-reversal-of-freshwater-prawns/ ![life cycle of copepods](https://animalfact.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Copepods-Reproduction-Lifecycle.jpg) [brine shrimp sieve](https://www.brineshrimpdirect.com/rotifer-sieve) [green freshwater algae](https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2018/06/e3sconf_icenis2018_04009.pdf)
graph LR; %% Ocean sea water %% x subgraph Pacific["Pacific-Indonesia"] direction LR ocean_Temperature["Pacific surface T= approx 26~30C"] end click ocean_Temperature "https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/trials-test-effects-of-hormone-supplemented-feed-on-sex-reversal-of-freshwater-prawns/" "Surface ocean temperature"
---
graph LR; %% Freshwater prawn sex reversal %% x subgraph SexReverse["Sex Reversal"] direction LR prawn_Male["Methyltestosterone experiment"] prawn_Female["Dopamine experiment
Ovaprim Fish Hormone Domperidone Sgnrha Injection"] sex_reverse_for_tilapia["Tilapia sex reversal in fry stage"] end FWprawn["Mixed Culture"] FWprawn_M["Male mono culture
Teritorial"] FWprawn_F["Female mono culture
higher density
more uniform
less teritorial vs male"] click SexReverse "https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/trials-test-effects-of-hormone-supplemented-feed-on-sex-reversal-of-freshwater-prawns/" "SexReversal Post Larva" click sex_reverse_for_tilapia "https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/artificial-incubation-hormonal-sex-reversal-promoted-tilapia-boom/" "Sex reversal for tilapia"
graph LR %% Benur vannamei BenurVPL_10["Vannamei Post Larva -10 days"] BenurVPL_15["Vannamei Post Larva - 15 days"] BenurVPL_10 ---> BenurVPL_15 BenurVPL_10 --->|"sell and ship to customer"| qnt_1_1 BenurVPL_15 --->|"sell and ship to customer"| qnt_1_2 subgraph select_req1_steps ["selection criteria"] direction LR select_strong["discard slow molting PL"] end BenurVPL_10 <---> select_req1_steps subgraph shipment_req1_steps ["shipment to customer PL10 < 6 ~ 8 hours
PL-15 < 12~24 hours"] direction LR Stress_Test_1_1["stress test prior to packing
salinity test
salinity 0, 30 min then tank salinity 30 min
count life > 85%"] weight_Test_1_1["number of PL count per PL1,Pl10,P12,P? statistics"] salinity["Both require 26–30°C and salinity 25–35 ppt"] qnt_1_1["PL-10 qnty: 5000-10000/L(seawater-1 L)
+2/3 filled with O2(2L)"] qnt_1_2["PL-15 qnty: 3000-5000/L(seawater-1 L)
2/3 filled with O2(2L)"] end click BenurVPL_10 "https://www.seafdec.org.ph/2011/seabass-hatchery/" "Vannemei Benur PL-10" click BenurVPL_15 "https://www.seafdec.org.ph/2011/seabass-hatchery/" "Vannemei Benur PL-15"
---
graph LR %% Kerapu and seabass %% seacucumber deposit feeder. Its diet consists of organic matter and microorganisms that live on and in the sand (the substrate). FC0["Floating cage
Grading"] FC1["Keramba tancap
Berpasir dibawah
Grading"] FC2["Keramba dasar (0.5 m dari dasar)
Grading"] P0["Pond - outdoor"] P1(["Pond - indoor"]) subgraph pythoplankton["Marine Phytoplankton and/or freshwater pythoplanton
Media for MicroAlgae"] direction LR %% Microalgae cultivation can be carried out with freshwater, seawater, water from estuaries, wastewater from agricultural, industrial operations and domestic wastewater [15]. %% Algae media refers to the solution or culture in which algae grow. %% Nutrient that contained in the tofu wastewater are very useful for the production of Chlorella sp. %% Chlorella sp. usually grows in seawater culture_both["Chlorella vulgaris
is green freshwater microalgae
but seawater tolerance T: 26-30C
an remove salt"] culture_pytho["Culture Marine pythoplankton/MicroAlgae (chlorella sp)"] culture_spiriluna["Spirulina platensis microalgee Blue-green
brackish tolerance
pH sensitivity pH:8~11,T:30-35C"] %% Spiriluna need to adjust fertelizer with pH above seawater %% EC: 98~30ms/cm %% High temperature: 30-35C culture_fresh_pytho["culture freshwater microalgae Spirulina Plantis and Chlorella vulgaris"] end subgraph MacroAlgae["culture seaweeds/MacroAlage"] direction LR seaweed["life green/brown seaweed"] -->Powder_seaweed["Make dry powder seaweed"] seaweed---> Process_1["harvest the seed for future propagation"] end subgraph plankton["Zooplankton Culture"] R0{"Rotifer Large size 20-25°C
Euryhaline"} R1{"Rotifer Small size 28-35°C
Low salinity"} Copepods{"Copepods Bigger than Rotifer"} MicroAlgae["Green phytoplanktons"] --->R0 MicroAlgae -->R1 MicroAlgae ----> Copepods end Seabass1[/"Seabass Mature change sex 5kg ♀
Broodstock Rearing"/] Kerapu1[/"Grouper Mature change sex ♂
Broodstock Rearing"/] Kerapu(["Grouper: female at birth: ♀
Larva Rearing"]) --> |"size: 8-12cm cuci air tawar"| FC0 --> |"mature/adult size"| FC22["floating cage bigger net size
and/or tambak lebih besar ↑O2
Brookstock around 3kg"] Kerapu -->|tidak perlu| FC1 --> FC22 --> Kerapu1 Seabass(["Asian Seabass: Male at birth: ♂
Larva Rearing"]) --> |"size: 8 - 12cm bersisik tidak perlu pasir"| FC0 -->|"Mature/adult size"| FC22 --> Seabass1 Lobster["Lobster Rearing"] -->FC2 click culture_fresh_pytho "https://algaeresearchsupply.com/products/algae-research-supply-algae-culture-chlorella-pyrenoidosa?srsltid=AfmBOoqYbKG86RMM1kP_KYZvTHlMmcgQWKry5cNg-7a28B-AxddtVZfK" "culture Chlorella" click Seabass "https://www.seafdec.org.ph/2011/seabass-hatchery/" "Seabass Hatchery" click Kerapu "https://www.seafdec.org.ph/hatchery-seedstock/" "Grouper Hatchery" style Kerapu1 fill:gold, color:black style Seabass1 fill:gold, color:black style R0 fill:blue, color:white style R1 fill:green, color: black style culture_both fill:green, color:white
flowchart TD T["Tilapia
iBEST (all Male) or
iEXCEL (Mixed-sex)"] subgraph plankton["plankton feed to larvae"] PyPL1["Pythoplanton"] R0{"Rotifer Large ΔT,
20°C-25°C,Euryhaline
B. plicatilis (L)
171-238µm "} R1{"Rotifer Small ΔT,
28°C-35°C, low salinity
B. rotundiformis (S)
121-162µm"} Copepods["Copepods"] Artemia["Artemia
Brine shrmp"] eggs["Fish Eggs"] PyPL1 --> Artemia PyPL1 --> R0 PyPL1 --> R1 end subgraph hatchery["Hatchery Market Depend on Market"] direction LR Eggs["Eggs"] --> Larvae["Post Larvae"] -->Juvinille["Juvinille"] end subgraph growup ["growup Market size"] direction LR Market["different stage of Market"] end subgraph artemiaGrowth ["Artemeia Growth up Culture"] direction LR artemeia_eggs["Artemaia Eggs and larvae for feed"] end subgraph vitamin ["Vitamin C and B12 complex"] direction LR vitamin_feed["feed to rotifer prior to the feed for Hatchery"] end subgraph Pellet_Custard ["Pellet or Custaard"] direction LR Pellet_feed["Pellet feed"] custard["wet or frozen feed"] end T --> hatchery plankton --> hatchery hatchery --> growup style eggs fill:pink, color:black click hatchery "https://www.seafdec.org.ph/hatchery-seedstock/" "Grouper Hatchery" click Copepods "https://animalfact.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Copepods-Copepoda.jpg" "Copepods"
flowchart TB subgraph OCEAN9 ["fas:fa-ship OCEAN 9 "] direction LR TP([Telaga Punggur])-->|ferry 11:00 web kapaltiket.com| A([BENAN]) --> |"00:45"| B([Tajuh Biru]) --> C(["Sei Tenam"]) --> D(["Senayang"]) <--->|"from 07:15 Pancur"| E(["Pancur"]) end subgraph DRAGON5 ["fas:fa-ship DRAGON 5"] direction LR TP1(["Telaga punggur"]) --> CC(["Sei Tenam"])-->JG(["Jagoh"]) end subgraph Anambas ["fas:fa-ship Anambas"] direction LR TP2(["Telaga Punggur"]) --"Rp. 494k"--> Letung --"Rp 495k"--> Terempa(["Terempa"]) end subgraph Bintan["Pulau Bintan/Tanjung Pinang"] direction LR BTP(["Tanjung Pinang"]) end TP <--.--> TP1 <--.--> TP2 style A fill: black, color: white style B fill:grey, color:#fff style TP fill:blue, color: whit style TP1 fill:blue, color: white style TP2 fill:blue, color: white click BTP "https://www.welcometobintan.com/images/map.jpg" "Tanjung Pinang"
deposit feeder. Its diet consists of organic matter and microorganisms that live on and in the sand (the substrate).
flowchart LR subgraph subgraph1["Benur Bening Lobster"] direction TB top1["🦞 ≤ 2 gr (≤ 2months)
SR 30%~40%
Nature < 0.01%"] --> bottom1["🦞 ≥ 5gr (2 - 3 months) SR ≥ 70%~80%"] end subgraph subgraph2["Top floating or/and
Bottom floating cage(Krankeng)"] direction TB top2[top] --> bottom2[bottom] end subgraph subgraph3["Top floating or/and
Bottom floating cage(Krankeng)"] direction TB top3[topx] --> bottom3[bottomx] end outside:::asNode --> subgraph1:::asNode outside ---> top2 -->top3 style subgraph2 fill:orange classDef asNode fill:grey, color:orange
flowchart LR deposit_feeder("Deposit Feeder
seacucumber")
pie title Investment ssharing "PT Innovare" :75 "Mitra" : 15 "Desa" : 10